Factorio smelter - Copper plate is a material that can be made by smelting copper ore in a furnace. The copper plate's use is small in early game, so many players underestimate how much …

 
If the amount of plates drop below a certain amount, trains are sent out. After smelting, the trains drop off their contents to the buffer. 1-6-1 trains pick up the contents from the buffer for use in the factory. The 2-10-2 goes back to the holding area. Reply reply.. Monologues for teens from movies

The solution to this is to make the inserters be on the same side, by making the ore/coal belts pass between the 2 lines of furnaces. So the more efficient design is: (by column) 1. steel/coal belt. 2. Inserters for coal into steel smelting AND inserters from steel smelting to belt. 3. and 4. Steel smelting.Compact, tileable, beaconed late game smelter. That's some elaborate beltery. Good job on getting the furnaces packed this tightly with just 2 tiles of space for logistics! You could even get rid of the final splitters by using two output inserters on the last furnace, with two separate belts feeding the gap fillers.It is slightly more expensive, but also thinner and the output belt comes out tightly packed and ready to merge with the main bus. Stacked on top of each other, these arrays can be easily fed with vertical input lines on either sides. Input points are at the 2 splitters (fuel and raw mineral respectively). Output direction can also be reversed.Re: Compact Smelting with Buffer Chests. by ssilk » Mon May 11, 2015 6:48 pm. Another throught: - Too much buffer is not good. You don't see, how much you have left now. - The furnaces have a buffer of 100 items, which is quite big. - Fast smelting -> big pollution, big need of energy, slower smelting -> less pollution.The Electric Furnace is the last tier of Furnaces you can unlock in the vanilla game, superseding the Steel Furnace. The Electric Furnace requires the research Advanced Electronics, Advanced material processing, and Advanced material processing 2. In order to craft the Electric Furnace the following materials are required: -10 Steel Plate -10 Stone …The rate at which resources are produced is given by: Mining speed / Mining time = Production rate (in resource/sec) To calculate the time needed for one resource-item use this formula: Mining time / Mining speed = Seconds for one resource item. Mining speed is a function of the miner while mining time is a function of the metal or mineral you ...My early game iron/copper smelter columns are either 48/2 (default furnace) or 24/2 (steel furnace) high and my 45 spm starter base + mall needs 0.8 belts of steel. 0.2 steel takes same amount of room as 24 columns and 0.4 can go next to earlier 48 columns. (I build either 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.4 or 0.4 + 0.4 or 0.8 depending on room) If they had 25% ...A beacon is a device that transmits module effects to nearby machines, in a 9×9 square. The effects are transmitted at only half efficiency. However, a beacon allows transmitting the effect of a module to multiple machines and the effect of all beacons in range of a single machine stacks. Additionally, beacons can provide boosts beyond the normal limits of internal module slots, such ...Share your designs. Search the tags for mining, smelting, and advanced production blueprints. Find blueprints for the video game Factorio. Share your designs. Search the tags for mining, smelting, and advanced production blueprints. Factorio Prints. Search Most Recent Most Favorited Create Known Issues Chat Contributors Donate. … Maximally compact smelters - only 7 tiles wide per column! Lots of increasingly compact smelter designs floating around, and I wanted to try to be the final nail in the coffin (pre-beacon, of course). This design uses a combinator counting incoming ore to dispense exactly the right amount of fuel onto the ore belt, and then uses the incoming ... Central smelting is easier if using coal based furnaces but suffer in train throughput because iron ore only goes up to 50. Mining post smelting is easier if you're going to use electric furnaces and has a higher train to put because iron plates stack up to 100. Reply reply. Galliad93.The solution to this is to make the inserters be on the same side, by making the ore/coal belts pass between the 2 lines of furnaces. So the more efficient design is: (by column) 1. steel/coal belt. 2. Inserters for coal into steel smelting AND inserters from steel smelting to belt. 3. and 4. Steel smelting.Nov 26, 2021 · The whole circuit idea is coming from there from mmmPI. My goal was to have final setup 12-beacon smelter for my mega base w/o circuits, but for UPS optimization a _minimal_ circuit looks inevitable to control the inserters grabbing 10-12 plates instead of <4 -> much less swings. Power/resource need to build is not a priority here. Electric smelters setup for mid game. Info. User: simtrami Last updated: 12/10/2021 Created: 12/10/2021May 11, 2014 ... First off, I've been completely hooked by this game. I'm a sucker for crafting/survival games and the automation this game allows is simply ...Electric smelters setup for mid game. Info. User: simtrami Last updated: 12/10/2021 Created: 12/10/2021The other day i tried to find any 4 belts per row smelting design on the internet, din't find anything close to what i was looking for (which is odd), so i ended up building one myself. Copy blueprint. 4 output blue belts are completely compressed. It is possible to remove some beacons for maximum power efficiency (6 beacon effects on …with it you can power the drill and the smelter. After you can power the drill or smelter (if you split the resource stack). Most people usually put them over an iron deposit to easily make more coal drills. They feed the drill ores directly into the oven/smelter. Just make sure part of the smelter is touching the arrow from the burner.Electric smelters setup for mid game. Info. User: simtrami Last updated: 12/10/2021 Created: 12/10/2021For my new base, I wanted to try train based smelting, where a train with ore is brought to a smelting station that takes ore out and puts plates back into the train. The ratio of storage actually works out perfectly (25 slots * 50 ore * 1.2 prod bonus = 1500 plates = …Jan 20, 2022 · The Smelter V3.0. this is my blueprint book for all types of smelting. (blue-) belted (no robots), fully 8-beaconed, tileable, vanilla! the ores can be delivered by 2-4-0 and/or 2-8-0 trains. renders and more information on FactorioBin and Factorio Blueprints. Inserters. For the common yellow electrical inserter, see Inserter. Inserters are devices which are used to move items over short distances. When placed, they have a fixed direction. They can move items from behind and place them in front of them. By doing this, they can move items from one transport belt to another, but also extract items from ... Find blueprints for the video game Factorio. Share your designs. Search the tags for mining, smelting, and advanced production blueprints. Factorio Prints. Search Most Recent Most Favorited Create Known Issues Chat Contributors Donate. Sign in / Join. Steel Smelting with Beacon 777/min consuming a full blue iron ore belt ...Copper plate. Copper plate is a material that can be made by smelting copper ore in a furnace. The copper plate's use is small in early game, so many players underestimate how much production capacity they will need. In the later game, copper use picks up heavily with the mass production of electronic circuits, and other resources that consume ...Book Contents. Grid Aligned City Blocks and Rail Segments - FACTORIO MASTER CLASS. City Blocks. City Block 100x100; Solar Block 100x100; Untitled; UntitledSteel smelters setup for early game. Info. User: simtrami Last updated: 12/10/2021 Created: 12/10/2021Furnaces are used to smelt resources into usable products for further usage. This makes them a key building for development and automation. Starting with very basic stone furnaces the player can advance through research and replace them with more efficient and faster furnaces later in the game. Furnaces with module slots are affected by beacons.Early/Mid-Game Smelter Blueprints. !blueprint https://factorioprints.com/view/-MSvZCt7wB50C3KFi0aY. Just some early/mid-game smelters. Should cover all your …Re: Compact Smelting with Buffer Chests. by ssilk » Mon May 11, 2015 6:48 pm. Another throught: - Too much buffer is not good. You don't see, how much you have left now. - The furnaces have a buffer of 100 items, which is quite big. - Fast smelting -> big pollution, big need of energy, slower smelting -> less pollution.Factorio version: 0.17. Downloaded by: 6 users. Allows you to dump the obsolete early-game items into a smelter to get the main resource back (usually iron plates). Smelting time depends on the amount of resources the item contains. Supported items: wooden chest, iron chest, small electric pole, boiler, steam engine, burner inserter, burner ...In this Factorio Tutorial Xterminator showcases several smelting builds / setups / designs & layouts. From early game builds that are easy and cheap to make,...Everything is made in such way that you can fit any smelting between roboports with 100% coverage, and you can stack smeltings one below another to connect all the pipes in one line. There is the last screenshot as an expample of a living base. Factoriobin doesn't work for me, so here is: Google Drive BP link. Google Drive string for Factory ...Jan 20, 2022 · The Smelter V3.0. this is my blueprint book for all types of smelting. (blue-) belted (no robots), fully 8-beaconed, tileable, vanilla! the ores can be delivered by 2-4-0 and/or 2-8-0 trains. renders and more information on FactorioBin and Factorio Blueprints. Mar 21, 2021 · Find blueprints for Factorio with advanced search. Ideal End Game Smelting Array 10K Iron plates per minute 720 Steel plates per minute 7.2K Copper plates per minute 2.7K Stone bricks per minute Netting it out, you spend an extra 8676 ore to build the electric smelter and save 16 ore per minute. You end up with a payback time of about 10 hours, which is pretty bad in the grand scheme of things. A typical prod3/beacon speed3 setup have a payback time in about 10 hours, so might as well as spend your efforts in building up for that instead.UPS optimized Steel smelting to 1 blue belt. by Belter » Wed Jan 05, 2022 2:47 pm. Based on the inspiring discussion on a full beacon smelting setup I've created a Iron Ore -> Steel smelter block to produce a full blue belt of steel. Update: UPS-wise the winner is direct insertion, clearly. See the BP from disentius there.Hi all, I currently have 250 hours in Pyanadons mods and thought it was about time I shared some tips I've learnt along the way. Use the Pyanadon Map Setting. Mechanical inserters have a filter and use no fuel. Mechanical inserters are 0.6/s, Belts are 15/s, to split a belt before electronics, you can use 13 mechanical splitters along a belt.This series of Tutorials and How To Guides will help you in your fight to become a better Factorio Engineer. Each video has tips for both beginners as well a...From everyone at Upgraded Points, we truly hope you and your families are staying safe and healthy. The coronavirus (COVID-19) has created unprecedented times in our world, and tra...FACTORIO MASTER CLASSThis series of Tutorials and How To Guides help you become a better Factorio EngineerEach video serves as a beginner's guide but also co...Electric smelters setup for mid game. Info. User: simtrami Last updated: 12/10/2021 Created: 12/10/2021Everything is made in such way that you can fit any smelting between roboports with 100% coverage, and you can stack smeltings one below another to connect all the pipes in one line. There is the last screenshot as an expample of a living base. Factoriobin doesn't work for me, so here is: Google Drive BP link. Google Drive string for Factory ...I've never looked at smelting loop as miners/furnace ratios. ... Both of these ratios can be found at factorio cheat sheet (link posted by u/paco7748). Number of miners always seemed to me kinda irrelevant as when you pass the early game stage - you just fill the entire patch with miners and balance the output to get X belts of ore ...Are you wondering if it's ok for men to wear women's fragrances? Learn if it's ok for men to wear women's fragrances in this article. Advertisement Of course there's no crime in a ...Compact 8k Smelter Station. The stations are designed to work with specific 1-1-4 ("cursed") trains. The locomotives must face both, forwards and backwards directions, followed by 4 wagons. When assigning the stations it must look as following: Load Turn 1/2 -Load 1/2 - Unload Turn - Unload (The rails have to be connected by yourself for all of ...Smelter towns have played a significant role in shaping the industrial landscape of many countries. These towns were established around smelters, which are specialized facilities u...Shares of Harley-Davidson Inc (NYSE:HOG) were trading higher on Tuesday as an analyst upgraded the stock. After the recent sell-off, th... Shares of Harley-Davidson Inc ...Krastorio 2 early game smelting. Hi reddit. I want to share my Krastorio 2 early game smelting block. It consumes: It produces: For heating furnaces used 7.9 coal. When coke and steel r not used, coke will be buffered in chest. When it is full, coke is used instead of coal in furnaces. Furnaces, inserters and belts can be upgraded to increase ...Welcome to the Official Factorio Wiki, the official source of documentation for Factorio™. 14 active editors (of 4,601 registered) are currently maintaining 4,366 articles and 1,260 images . Factorio is a game in which you build and maintain factories. You will be mining resources, researching technologies, building infrastructure, automating ...Getting a ride to The Strip from McCarran International Airport isn't as easy as it once was. Here are the best ways to do it. Las Vegas, one of the world's most popular travel des...Beaconized electric smelter designed for 100x100 cityblock bases with a 4 lane train network. Outputs 8 compresed blue belts ; Consumes 6.4 blue beltsElectric Smelter Array (optimized) electric-furnace. fast-transport-belt. Details. 48 Electric smelters. Optimized to use as little space as possible. Length is also optimal for how much the array can process (so there's no congestion at full load). No further balancing of belts required either. Copy to Clipboard.Jan 20, 2022 · The Smelter V3.0. this is my blueprint book for all types of smelting. (blue-) belted (no robots), fully 8-beaconed, tileable, vanilla! the ores can be delivered by 2-4-0 and/or 2-8-0 trains. renders and more information on FactorioBin and Factorio Blueprints. Apr 7, 2023 · Factorio: Best Smelting Setup. By Hemanth Kumarr Kumanan. Published Apr 7, 2023. The smelting layout in Factorio can be a tedious area, but this guide will help those trying to find the best ... Everything is made in such way that you can fit any smelting between roboports with 100% coverage, and you can stack smeltings one below another to connect all the pipes in one line. There is the last screenshot as an expample of a living base. Factoriobin doesn't work for me, so here is: Google Drive BP link. Google Drive string for Factory ...Nuclear Furnace with nuclear fuel makes smelting much faster; the mod adds special "burnt extractor inserter" for removing "used up uranium fuel cell" from this furnace. Content Mod category: Content Mods introducing new content into the game. ... Factorio version: 0.16 - 1.1 Downloaded by: 6.76K users /With several lanes and enough space for the trains to accelerate to full speed before merging in. I watched it for quite a while and never noticed trains to slow down for each other. Anyway, for smelting I often use at least one train per ore field. Almost depleted fields share one train. I usually use 2-3 trains for one big ore field (10 mil+).Full description and usage instructions are included in the FactorioPrints page. Enjoy. (1) Starter base, a throw-away little base whose main purpose is to provide power and produce the things needed to build the main base. (2) Main base, typically built around a bus, that carries us to launching the first rocket.FACTORIO MASTER CLASSThis series of Tutorials and How To Guides help you become a better Factorio EngineerEach video serves as a beginner's guide but also co...Electric Smelter Array (optimized) electric-furnace. fast-transport-belt. Details. 48 Electric smelters. Optimized to use as little space as possible. Length is also optimal for how much the array can process (so there's no congestion at full load). No further balancing of belts required either. Copy to Clipboard.Maximally compact smelters - only 7 tiles wide per column! Lots of increasingly compact smelter designs floating around, and I wanted to try to be the final nail in the coffin (pre-beacon, of course). This design uses a combinator counting incoming ore to dispense exactly the right amount of fuel onto the ore belt, and then uses the incoming ... The RCU uses some circuitry magic - basically it only allows the inserters to pick up if they have less than 1 of either speed module or blue circuit available, this stops them stacking several in the internal buffer of the assembler and gets more assemblers working faster to produce the RCU units. Can someone help guide me to a good beacon smelting setup? I'm looking to increase my smelting. I currently have 192 of each copper and iron electric smelters. I'm looking to move beyond my original layout and move to beacon smelting. Possibly with smart smelting and/or robots. Can anyone help me find some good resources or layouts for this. 2. Find blueprints for the video game Factorio. Share your designs. Search the tags for mining, smelting, and advanced production blueprints.Endgame Smelting (with trains) - Factorio blueprints. Image. Endgame Smelting (with trains) Ideal End Game Smelting Array 10K Iron plates per minute 720 …Volcano vent tubeworms aren't antisocial; they just prefer an environment that's a little different from us. Learn more about volcano vent tubeworms. Advertisement Say you're Aquam...Description. This mod adds an electric boiler, electric versions of the stone and steel furnaces (which can fast-replace the existing ones), and level 2 and 3 versions of the electric furnace, with faster smelting speeds and more module slots. New research to unlock the higher tiers of electric furnace is also added.Smelter Book (Iron/Copper/Stone/Steel) The Smelter V3.0. this is my blueprint book for all types of smelting. (blue-) belted (no robots), fully 8-beaconed, tileable, vanilla! the ores can be delivered by 2-4-0 and/or 2-8-0 trains. renders and more information on FactorioBin and Factorio Blueprints.Blueprint Book that Contains basic, and Advanced Electric Mining (note: the large scale blueprint needs belt evened out use a splitter to even the left and right side of lane). Find blueprints for the video game Factorio. Share your designs. Search the tags for mining, smelting, and advanced production blueprints.Find blueprints for the video game Factorio. Share your designs. Search the tags for mining, smelting, and advanced production blueprints.Nuclear Furnace with nuclear fuel makes smelting much faster; the mod adds special "burnt extractor inserter" for removing "used up uranium fuel cell" from this furnace. Content Mod category: Content Mods introducing new content into the game. ... Factorio version: 0.16 - 1.1 Downloaded by: 6.76K users / Smelter UPSGrade - SE Fork. by bjerkles. Space Exploration friendly version. A single smelter that is equivalent to 405 smelters (configurable 25-2000). Size is intended to scale with the footprint of the underlying build that this replaces. Currently uses vanilla beacon behavior for the maths. Content. May 31, 2017 ... I briefly show how I prefer to build my early game smelters, and talk about the reasons behind it. These smelters are designed to be ...My early game iron/copper smelter columns are either 48/2 (default furnace) or 24/2 (steel furnace) high and my 45 spm starter base + mall needs 0.8 belts of steel. 0.2 steel takes same amount of room as 24 columns and 0.4 can go next to earlier 48 columns. (I build either 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.4 or 0.4 + 0.4 or 0.8 depending on room) If they had 25% ...But here are the basics on how to use Blueprints in-game for Factorio beginners: To access your Blueprint Library, tap "B" or click the first button in the top-right of the screen in-game. The Blueprint Library is where you can access, inspect, and alter all your Blueprints. You can create your own Blueprints using the Blueprint tool, which you ...EXPERIMENT and ITERATE. you will find the path. Have miners output onto a belt, run the belt past your smelters, then have inserters grab stuff from belt to place into smelters. Then have a different inserter to take the smelted plates and place them onto a new belt, which you can run to your assembler machines.9. Details. I made a blueprint book with early smeltery setup, that can be upgraded easy doing the gameplay in the early state. Include setups for IRON/COPPER and STEEL setup that is a bit longer, but have 6 furnace doing IRON copper -> Iron Plate and then 6 others doing IRON plate -> Steel. It is super important that COAL is on the OUTSIDE on ...Early/Mid-Game Smelter Blueprints. !blueprint https://factorioprints.com/view/-MSvZCt7wB50C3KFi0aY. Just some early/mid-game smelters. Should cover all your … The throughput for the regular, fast, and express belts are 13.393, 26.786, and 40.179 respectively and the throughput for the stone, steel/electric, and electric with speed mod 3 furnaces are 0.28571, 0.57143, and 0.85714 respectively. So the ideal ratios between furnaces and transport belts are as follows: Regular Transport Belt: Electric Smelter (Output) Find blueprints for the video game Factorio. Share your designs. Search the tags for mining, smelting, and advanced production blueprints.The current setup is designed to be as long as the iron/copper smelters so it's easy to tile and share beacons. It uses almost exactly a red belt of iron ore (26.3/s), and produces just over a lane of yellow belt of steel (7.5/s) blueprint. (note: just noticed one of the beacons misses the modules, this is corrected in the blueprint string.Electric Smelter Array (optimized) electric-furnace. fast-transport-belt. Details. 48 Electric smelters. Optimized to use as little space as possible. Length is also optimal for how much the array can process (so there's no congestion at full load). No further balancing of belts required either. Copy to Clipboard.Furnaces are used to smelt resources into usable products for further usage. This makes them a key building for development and automation. Starting with very basic stone furnaces the player can advance through research and replace them with more efficient and faster furnaces later in the game. Furnaces with module slots are affected by beacons. Latest Version: 0.1.1 (3 months ago) Factorio version: 1.1. Downloaded by: 1.15K users. These smelter is 24 furnaces compressed into one 4x4 furnace. This mod is bad, It might be updated at some point to be better, but for now it is very basic. The idea is to have burner furnace equiliant of the very fast furnaces type mods. Apr 7, 2023 · Factorio: Best Smelting Setup. By Hemanth Kumarr Kumanan. Published Apr 7, 2023. The smelting layout in Factorio can be a tedious area, but this guide will help those trying to find the best ... The steel furnace is the second-tier of furnaces. Compared to the stone furnace, it smelts at double the speed and therefore is a more efficient use of the given fuel. Steel furnace is …Factorio: Best Smelting Setup. By Hemanth Kumarr Kumanan. Published Apr 7, 2023. The smelting layout in Factorio can be a tedious area, but this guide will help …Why is it important for NASA to study Earth in addition to space? Learn more about NASA's Earth science efforts in this HowStuffWorks article. Advertisement Back in April 1960, whe...Allows the smelting of iron plates into steel bars. Steel processing allows you to process steel from iron plates, and enables the creation of basic steel items. Due to the large quantity of research options unlocked and how easy it is to obtain, this will be one of the first technologies that the player researches.Factorio version: 0.17. Downloaded by: 6 users. Allows you to dump the obsolete early-game items into a smelter to get the main resource back (usually iron plates). Smelting time depends on the amount of resources the item contains. Supported items: wooden chest, iron chest, small electric pole, boiler, steam engine, burner inserter, burner ...

Inserters. For the common yellow electrical inserter, see Inserter. Inserters are devices which are used to move items over short distances. When placed, they have a fixed direction. They can move items from behind and place them in front of them. By doing this, they can move items from one transport belt to another, but also extract items from ... . How to hack aleks topics

factorio smelter

The only reason they don't look to be starving is because they are backed up. A yellow belt moves 15 items per second so one side only moves 7.5 iron ore per second. At a smelting speed of .3125 per second this set up is only good enough to supply 24 smelters in the row (12 once you upgrade to steel furnaces).Beaconized electric smelter designed for 100x100 cityblock bases with a 4 lane train network. Outputs 8 compresed blue belts ; Consumes 6.4 blue beltsDetails. Vanilla steel production using steel furnaces. Copy to Clipboard. Show Blueprint. Show Json. Find blueprints for the video game Factorio. Share your designs. Search the tags for mining, smelting, and advanced production blueprints.BOSTON, Feb. 27, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- Haemonetics Corporation (NYSE: HAE) announced that Chris Simon, President and CEO, will participate in a fir... BOSTON, Feb. 27, 2023 /PRNewsw...Early Game Steel Smelting. Design / Blueprint. I've always had my smelting lines right next to each other in the early game and used the exact same design for all of them, including steel, which meant wrapping one of more iron lines back around to the beginning so it can feed the steel smelters. Having that one line going backwards against the ...The rate at which resources are produced is given by: Mining speed / Mining time = Production rate (in resource/sec) To calculate the time needed for one resource-item use this formula: Mining time / Mining speed = Seconds for one resource item. Mining speed is a function of the miner while mining time is a function of the metal or mineral you ...One of Silicon Valley's most ambitious startups says bitcoin still has serious shortcomings. Silicon Valley’s dream of a stateless digital currency for payments goes back to the ea...Copper plate is a material that can be made by smelting copper ore in a furnace. The copper plate's use is small in early game, so many players underestimate how much …Factorio: Best Smelting Setup. By Hemanth Kumarr Kumanan. Published Apr 7, 2023. The smelting layout in Factorio can be a tedious area, but this guide will help those trying to find the best ...Mine into trains and unload trains directly into smelter-array’s. You must have a very high mining productivity bonus to fill the trains fast enough though, for it to be efficient. Else you still need many patches, and thus many trains. Used for ‘onsite’ smelting or in a big central smelter. Mine onto belts and transfer into a nearby smelter.Jul 28, 2020 · FACTORIO MASTER CLASSThis series of Tutorials and How To Guides help you become a better Factorio EngineerEach video serves as a beginner's guide but also co... Factorio Prints. This is a site to share blueprints for the game Factorio. Blueprints can be exported from the game using the in-game blueprint manager. [ Video Tutorial] There is also limited support for the 0.14 blueprint mods Blueprint String, Foreman, and Killkrog's Blueprint Manager.48 furnaces/1.6 seconds per smelt = 30 items in per second, or the speed of a red belt. The 24 (ore to iron) furnaces on each side eat one half of the belt. The (iron to steel) furnaces take 5 iron plate in for 1 steel plate out, but they take 5 times as long to smelt so the ratio remains the same. Reply reply.Dec 10, 2021 · Electric smelters setup for mid game. Info. User: simtrami Last updated: 12/10/2021 Created: 12/10/2021 But here are the basics on how to use Blueprints in-game for Factorio beginners: To access your Blueprint Library, tap "B" or click the first button in the top-right of the screen in-game. The Blueprint Library is where you can access, inspect, and alter all your Blueprints. You can create your own Blueprints using the Blueprint tool, which you ....

Popular Topics